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Running on Empty Summary

by Jonice Webb

This book brilliantly illuminates how subtle childhood emotional neglect, often invisible, can leave you feeling empty, disconnected, and unsure why as an adult. It provides a groundbreaking framework to identify the specific ways this neglect impacts your relationships, self-esteem, and emotional life, often mistaken for personal flaws. Read it to finally understand the root cause of your struggles and gain practical, actionable steps to heal, connect with your true self, and build a truly fulfilling life.

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Key Themes & Concepts

Understanding Childhood Emotional Neglect (CEN)

This theme introduces the central premise of the book: that emotional neglect is a distinct and powerful force in a person's development. Unlike abuse, which is an act of doing something harmful, neglect is an act of omission. It is what failed to happen. The author establishes that a child needs emotional validation just as much as they need food or shelter. When parents fail to notice, attend to, or respond reasonably to a child's feelings, the child learns that their emotions are irrelevant or burdensome.

01

Definition of Emotional Neglect as a failure of emotional validation from parents

Childhood Emotional Neglect (CEN) is defined not by a specific event, but by a lack of response. It occurs when a parent fails to respond enough to a child's emotional needs. This doesn't necessarily mean the parents were bad or unloving; they may have provided excellent physical care and education. However, if they ignored the child's emotional experiences—such as telling a sad child to 'stop crying' or simply not noticing when the child was upset—the child grows up believing their feelings don't matter. Over time, the child pushes their emotions down to avoid burdening the parent.

Key Insight Understand that good parents can still cause CEN. It is not about malice; it is about a lack of emotional attunement.
Action Step Reflect on your childhood not by looking for trauma, but by looking for what was missing. Ask yourself: 'Did my parents notice when I was sad? Did they help me understand my anger?'
02

The invisibility of emotional neglect compared to other forms of mistreatment

Physical abuse or severe trauma leaves visible scars or distinct memories, making it easier to identify as the source of adult pain. CEN, however, is invisible. It is the 'white space' in a family picture. Because it is a non-event (something that didn't happen), adults often have no specific memory of it. They look back on a childhood that seemed normal or even privileged and cannot understand why they feel unfulfilled. This invisibility leads to confusion and self-blame, as the sufferer feels they have no valid reason to be unhappy.

Key Insight Realize that just because you cannot remember a specific traumatic event doesn't mean your childhood needs were met. The absence of emotional support is just as damaging as the presence of abuse.
Action Step Stop invalidating your current struggles by comparing them to people who had 'worse' childhoods. Acknowledge that the 'nothingness' you remember may be the source of your pain.

Parenting Styles That Cause Emotional Neglect

The author categorizes various parenting styles that contribute to CEN. While some of these styles are obviously harmful (like the abusive or sociopathic parent), many are subtle and unintentional. The common thread across all these styles is that the parent is sufficiently distracted, self-absorbed, or emotionally unskilled, preventing them from validating the child's emotional reality. Understanding these categories helps the reader identify the specific dynamic they grew up with.

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The Narcissistic Parent

This parent is deeply self-absorbed and views the child as an extension of themselves rather than a separate individual. The child's needs are only met if they align with the parent's desires or image. If the child's feelings inconvenience the parent or threaten their ego, those feelings are rejected. The child learns to suppress their own needs to cater to the parent, effectively becoming a mirror for the parent's ego rather than developing their own self.

Key Insight If you had a narcissistic parent, you likely learned that your value depends on how well you serve others' needs, not on who you are.
Action Step Practice distinguishing your own desires from the expectations of others. Ask yourself: 'Do I want this, or am I doing it to keep the peace?'
04

The Authoritarian Parent

The authoritarian parent demands total obedience and has zero tolerance for the child's feelings or opinions. Rules are absolute, and the child's emotional reaction to those rules is considered rebellion or weakness. In this environment, the child learns that their inner voice is dangerous and that submission is the only way to survive. They grow up unable to trust their own judgment or instincts.

Key Insight You may have learned that being 'good' means having no voice and that your feelings are a form of disobedience.
Action Step Challenge the internal critic that tells you you are 'bad' for disagreeing with authority. Practice expressing a dissenting opinion in a low-stakes environment.
05

The Permissive Parent

On the surface, this looks like freedom, but it is actually neglect disguised as love. The permissive parent fails to provide boundaries, structure, or guidance. They avoid conflict and want to be the child's friend rather than their parent. As a result, the child feels unsafe and unmoored. They do not learn self-discipline or emotional regulation because no one ever taught them how to handle limits or frustration.

Key Insight Lack of rules is not love; it is indifference. You likely struggle with self-discipline now because it was never modeled for you.
Action Step Recognize that you must now 're-parent' yourself by setting your own healthy boundaries and schedules, rather than viewing structure as a punishment.
06

The Bereaved Parent

A parent who has suffered a tragic loss (like the death of a spouse or another child) is often too consumed by grief to attend to the living child's emotional needs. The house may be filled with a heavy silence or unspoken sadness. The child, sensing the parent's fragility, tries to be 'low maintenance' and hides their own needs to avoid causing further pain. They learn that their happiness or needs are secondary to the family's tragedy.

Key Insight You may have developed a habit of making yourself small to protect others from pain.
Action Step Acknowledge that your needs were valid then, even if your parent couldn't meet them. You are allowed to take up space and have needs now.
07

The Addicted Parent

Addiction creates chaos and inconsistency. The addicted parent's behavior is unpredictable—sometimes loving, sometimes angry or absent. The child lives in a state of hyper-vigilance, never knowing which version of the parent they will get. Because the addiction is the central focus of the family, the child's emotional development is ignored. The child often takes on a caretaker role to compensate for the parent's dysfunction.

Key Insight You learned to prioritize managing the emotional climate of the room over experiencing your own emotions.
Action Step Work on releasing the need to control your environment. You are no longer responsible for keeping the household stable.
08

The Depressed Parent

A depressed parent often lacks the energy or enthusiasm to engage with a child. Parenting requires emotional output, and a depressed parent is running on empty. They may physically be present but emotionally checked out. The child interprets this lack of engagement as a rejection or a sign that they are not interesting or worthy of love. They eventually stop trying to get the parent's attention to avoid the pain of being ignored.

Key Insight You likely internalized your parent's lack of energy as a reflection of your own unworthiness.
Action Step Remind yourself that your parent's withdrawal was a symptom of their illness, not a measure of your value.
09

The Workaholic Parent

This parent signals that achievement and material success are more important than emotional connection. They are rarely home, and when they are, they are distracted. The child learns that 'doing' is more important than 'being.' They may try to achieve high grades or accolades to earn the parent's limited attention, equating love with performance.

Key Insight You may believe that you are only as good as your last accomplishment.
Action Step Practice 'being' without 'doing.' Spend 15 minutes doing something purely for enjoyment, not for productivity or praise.
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The Parent with a Special Needs Family Member

When a sibling has significant medical or developmental needs, the parents' resources are naturally funneled toward them. The healthy child is often expected to be the 'easy' one who requires nothing. They may even be praised for being self-sufficient. While understandable, this leaves the healthy child emotionally starved. They learn that their problems are trivial compared to the sibling's and that they have no right to complain.

Key Insight You learned that your needs are invisible because you were 'the lucky one' or 'the healthy one.'
Action Step Validate that your emotional needs were just as real as your sibling's physical needs. You deserve care even if you aren't in crisis.
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The Achievement/Perfection Focused Parent

This parent pressures the child to excel in every area. Emotional distress is seen as an obstacle to success. If the child is anxious or sad, the parent urges them to 'get over it' so they can get back to performing. The child learns to view their own emotions as weaknesses or impediments to being loved. They become terrified of failure and often struggle with perfectionism.

Key Insight You learned to hide your struggles and present a flawless facade to the world.
Action Step Allow yourself to be bad at something. Try a new hobby and embrace the process of learning and failing without judgment.
12

The Sociopathic Parent

This is the most severe and dangerous form. The sociopathic parent has no conscience and views the child as a pawn. They may use manipulation, fear, and cruelty to control the child. The neglect here is often accompanied by active abuse. The child learns that the world is a predatory place and that trust is dangerous. Emotional survival depends on completely shutting down.

Key Insight Your emotional shutdown was a necessary survival tactic in a hostile environment.
Action Step Recognize that the danger has passed. Seek professional therapy to help rebuild the capacity to trust, as this level of damage is difficult to heal alone.
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The Child as Parent

In this dynamic, the roles are reversed. Due to illness, immaturity, or incompetence, the parent relies on the child for emotional or physical support. The child becomes the confidant or the household manager. While these children often grow up to be highly capable and responsible, they are emotionally empty because no one ever took care of them. They feel guilty whenever they are not helping someone.

Key Insight You learned that your purpose is to care for others, leaving no room for anyone to care for you.
Action Step Practice receiving. Let someone else make a decision or do a favor for you, and resist the urge to immediately pay them back.
14

The Well-Meaning-but-Neglected-Themselves Parent

This is the largest group. These parents love their children and want the best for them, but they were raised with CEN themselves. They simply do not have the vocabulary or skills to handle emotions because they never learned them. They provide everything money can buy but are baffled by tears or emotional outbursts. (Book Story: Zeke). Zeke was a successful man who described his childhood as 'perfect' and his parents as wonderful. Yet, he felt a profound emptiness. It turned out his parents were kind but utterly practical, never discussing feelings or meaningful topics. They loved him, but they didn't *know* him emotionally.

Key Insight You can be loved and neglected at the same time. Your parents couldn't teach you what they didn't know.
Action Step Forgive your parents for their ignorance, but stop minimizing the impact it had on you. You must now learn the skills they couldn't teach you.

The Adult Experience of Childhood Emotional Neglect

This section describes the common symptoms found in adults who grew up with CEN. Because the cause was invisible, the symptoms often feel like personal defects. Adults with CEN often feel like they are looking at life from the outside, unable to connect deeply with others or themselves. They function well on the surface but struggle with a nagging sense that something is wrong with them.

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Feelings of Emptiness

This is the hallmark symptom of CEN. It is not necessarily depression; it is a sensation of numbness or a void in the chest or belly. It is the feeling of being incomplete. Sufferers often describe it as feeling like a hollow shell. This emptiness comes from having walled off one's emotions—the very fuel of life—so long ago that the connection has been lost.

Key Insight That empty feeling isn't a permanent defect; it's simply the space where your emotions should be residing.
Action Step When you feel that emptiness, do not try to fill it with food, alcohol, or shopping. Instead, sit with it and try to identify even a faint emotion underneath the numbness.
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Counter-Dependence

Counter-dependence is the extreme fear of relying on others. Unlike independence, which is healthy, counter-dependence is a defensive wall. CEN adults learned early on that asking for help leads to rejection or disappointment. Therefore, they go to great lengths to never need anyone. They struggle to ask for help, even when they are drowning, and feel uncomfortable when others try to care for them.

Key Insight You equate 'needing help' with 'being weak' or 'being a burden.'
Action Step Practice the 'small ask.' Ask a friend for a small favor, like borrowing a book or getting a ride, to prove to yourself that reliance doesn't lead to disaster.
17

Unrealistic Self-Appraisal

Because their parents did not mirror their strengths and weaknesses back to them, CEN adults often have a distorted view of themselves. They may not know what they are good at or what they enjoy. They often assume they are less capable than they are, or they are baffled by what others see in them. They lack a realistic internal compass to judge their own abilities.

Key Insight You struggle to know who you are because no one ever told you what they saw in you.
Action Step Ask three trusted friends to describe your greatest strengths and weaknesses. Compare their answers to your own self-view to find the gaps.
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Lack of Self-Compassion with an abundance of compassion for others

CEN adults are often excellent listeners and empathetic friends, yet they treat themselves with harsh judgment. They hold themselves to impossible standards that they would never impose on a friend. If a friend makes a mistake, they are understanding; if they make the same mistake, they berate themselves as stupid or incompetent.

Key Insight You have a double standard: one set of rules for the world, and a stricter, crueler set for yourself.
Action Step When you fail, talk to yourself exactly as you would talk to your best friend in the same situation. Literally use the same words.
19

Persistent Guilt and Shame

Because they cannot pinpoint a reason for their unhappiness (since their childhoods were often 'fine'), CEN adults assume the problem is them. They feel guilty for having needs, guilty for not being happier, and ashamed of their perceived defects. They often apologize for things that are not their fault or feel like they are taking up too much space.

Key Insight Your guilt is a byproduct of being told (implicitly) that your feelings were wrong.
Action Step Pay attention to how often you say 'I'm sorry.' Stop apologizing for having feelings, asking questions, or existing.
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Self-Directed Anger and Self-Blame

Without a valid outlet for frustration (since expressing it to parents was unsafe), CEN children turn that anger inward. As adults, this manifests as self-loathing. When things go wrong, the immediate reaction is to blame oneself. This anger can also manifest as disgust toward one's own emotional needs.

Key Insight You are angry at yourself for having human needs because you were taught those needs were inconvenient.
Action Step When you feel anger, visualize directing it outward at the situation or the cause, rather than turning it inward on yourself.
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The 'Fatal Flaw' belief

This is the deep-seated conviction that if people really knew you, they wouldn't like you. It is the belief that something is fundamentally wrong with you that prevents you from being normal or lovable. (Book Story: Kathryn). Kathryn was a competent, successful woman who was well-liked by everyone. However, she lived in constant fear that her husband and friends would discover she was a 'fraud.' She felt she was faking her way through life and that her inner self was defective. This is the Fatal Flaw: the secret belief that you are unlovable at your core.

Key Insight The 'flaw' you feel is actually just the absence of emotional validation. It feels like something is wrong, but it's actually just something missing.
Action Step Share a small vulnerability with a trusted partner. Showing your 'flaw' and being accepted is the only way to disprove the belief.
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Difficulty Nurturing Self and Others

You cannot give what you do not have. Because CEN adults were not nurtured, they often feel awkward or clueless when trying to comfort others. They may offer practical solutions instead of emotional support. Similarly, they do not know how to nurture themselves, often neglecting their own health, rest, or comfort.

Key Insight You aren't cold or unloving; you just lack the 'software' for emotional soothing because it wasn't installed in childhood.
Action Step Observe how 'warm' people comfort others. Mimic their behaviors—eye contact, soft tone, listening without fixing—until it feels more natural.
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Poor Self-Discipline

Self-discipline is the ability to make yourself do things you don't want to do and stop yourself from doing things you shouldn't do. This is a learned skill, usually taught by parents who enforce rules and structure. CEN adults often struggle here; they are either rigidly perfectionistic or struggle to complete basic tasks. They often label themselves as 'lazy,' but the reality is they never internalized the mechanism of self-regulation.

Key Insight Laziness is a choice; your struggle is a lack of training. You have to build the 'muscle' of discipline from scratch.
Action Step Use the 'Three Things' exercise: Every day, do three small things you don't want to do (e.g., floss, put away dishes immediately) to retrain your brain.
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Alexithymia: Poor awareness and understanding of emotions

Alexithymia is a clinical term meaning 'no words for emotion.' CEN adults often have a limited emotional vocabulary. They may feel 'bad' or 'upset' but cannot distinguish between anger, sadness, frustration, or anxiety. Because they walled off their feelings, they are now disconnected from the data those feelings provide. They often experience physical symptoms (headaches, stomach aches) instead of recognizing emotional stress.

Key Insight You aren't unfeeling; your connection to your feelings is just blocked.
Action Step Download a 'Feeling Wheel' or a list of emotion words. When you feel a sensation, force yourself to pick the specific word that matches it best.

The Foundation for Healing

Healing from CEN is a process of reconstruction. It involves building the emotional skills that were missed in childhood. The author emphasizes that it is never too late to learn these skills. The goal is to break down the wall between the self and the emotions, allowing feelings to inform and enrich life rather than being suppressed.

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Understanding how the process of change happens

Change is not a straight line; it is a zigzag. There will be days of breakthrough and days of regression. The author stresses that realizing you have CEN is the biggest step. Once you understand the cause of your emptiness, the solution becomes a matter of skill-building rather than a mystery. Healing requires patience and the understanding that you are rewiring decades of neural pathways.

Key Insight Regression is part of the process. A bad day does not mean you are back at square one.
Action Step Keep a journal of your progress. When you feel stuck, read back to see how far you've come since the beginning.
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Identifying and overcoming obstacles to change like avoidance and discomfort

The biggest obstacle to healing is the urge to avoid painful feelings. CEN adults are experts at avoidance. When emotions bubble up, the instinct is to distract, numb, or run away. Healing requires the opposite: leaning into the discomfort. The author warns that this will feel unnatural and even terrifying at first, as you are violating your own survival programming.

Key Insight Discomfort is not a sign to stop; it is a sign that you are growing.
Action Step Practice the '5-minute rule.' When you want to avoid a feeling or task, commit to sitting with it for just 5 minutes before allowing yourself to escape.
27

Recognizing the purpose and value of emotions

CEN adults view emotions as useless noise or weaknesses. The author reframes emotions as biological survival tools. Anger tells us we are being violated; fear tells us to be careful; sadness tells us we are losing something important. Without these signals, we are navigating life blind. Healing involves accepting that emotions are essential data, not inconveniences.

Key Insight Emotions are not right or wrong; they are simply feedback about your environment.
Action Step When an emotion arises, treat it like a messenger. Ask: 'What is this feeling trying to tell me about my current situation?'

Developing Emotional Skills

This section provides the 'how-to' manual for emotional intelligence that CEN adults missed. It focuses on practical exercises to identify, accept, and express feelings. The goal is to move from emotional numbness to emotional fluency, allowing for richer relationships and a stronger sense of self.

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Identifying and naming feelings

The first step is simply knowing what you are feeling. The author suggests the 'IAAA' acronym: Identify, Accept, Attribute, Act. The 'Identify' stage is crucial. You must stop saying 'I feel bad' and start saying 'I feel dejected' or 'I feel apprehensive.' Specificity gives you power over the emotion.

Key Insight Naming an emotion instantly reduces its power to overwhelm you.
Action Step Set a random alarm on your phone twice a day. When it goes off, pause and name exactly what you are feeling in that moment, even if it's just 'bored' or 'calm.'
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Monitoring and accepting your own emotions

Once identified, the emotion must be accepted without judgment. CEN adults tend to judge their feelings ('I shouldn't be angry'). Monitoring involves checking in with yourself regularly, like checking the dashboard of a car. Acceptance means acknowledging the feeling exists without trying to change it immediately.

Key Insight You cannot control which emotions arise, only how you react to them. Judging a feeling doesn't make it go away.
Action Step When a negative feeling arises, say to yourself: 'I am feeling [emotion] right now, and that is okay.' Validate your own right to feel it.
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Learning to express emotions effectively

Expression is the release valve. It involves communicating your feelings to others in a way that is clear but not destructive. This includes using 'I' statements ('I feel hurt when...') rather than accusatory 'You' statements. It also involves learning assertiveness—stating your needs clearly without aggression or apology.

Key Insight Unexpressed emotions do not die; they fester and come out as passive-aggression or physical illness.
Action Step Practice expressing positive emotions first. Tell a friend, 'I really appreciate you doing that,' to get comfortable with sharing your inner state.
31

Recognizing and valuing emotions in relationships

Relationships thrive on emotional exchange. CEN adults often keep relationships superficial to avoid the messiness of feelings. Healing involves realizing that sharing feelings—even negative ones—creates intimacy. It means learning to read the emotions of others and responding with empathy rather than logic.

Key Insight Intimacy is impossible without vulnerability. Your 'wall' protects you, but it also isolates you.
Action Step Next time a partner or friend vents to you, resist the urge to offer a solution. Instead, simply say, 'That sounds really hard, I can see why you're upset.'

The Pillars of Self-Care

Self-care in this context is not about bubble baths; it is about parenting yourself. It involves treating yourself with the attention and discipline that you didn't receive as a child. This theme covers the practical aspects of learning to prioritize your own well-being and managing your own behavior.

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Learning to nurture yourself by putting yourself first

CEN adults often feel selfish when they prioritize their own needs. The author argues that you cannot pour from an empty cup. Nurturing yourself means ensuring you are eating well, sleeping enough, and engaging in activities that bring you joy. It is a fundamental shift from 'others first' to 'me too.'

Key Insight Self-care is not selfish; it is a responsibility. You are the only one responsible for your well-being.
Action Step Say 'no' to one request this week that you don't want to do, and use that time to do something solely for yourself.
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Improving self-discipline

As mentioned earlier, self-discipline is a struggle for CEN adults. The author suggests a structured approach to building this skill. It involves consciously overriding the impulse to take the easy way out. This is not about punishment, but about giving yourself the structure you need to succeed.

Key Insight Discipline is a form of self-love. It is doing what is best for your future self.
Action Step Identify one daily habit you want to build. Commit to doing it at the exact same time every day to automate the decision-making process.
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Developing self-soothing techniques

When distress hits, CEN adults need healthy ways to calm down. Instead of turning to vices, they must learn active self-soothing. This could be deep breathing, listening to music, taking a walk, or positive self-talk. It is the ability to be your own safe harbor in a storm.

Key Insight You have the power to regulate your own nervous system.
Action Step Create a 'comfort kit' (mental or physical) with three things that reliably calm you down (e.g., a specific playlist, a soft blanket, a cup of tea) and use it when stressed.
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Cultivating self-compassion

This is the antidote to the harsh inner critic. Self-compassion involves treating yourself with the same kindness you extend to others. It means forgiving yourself for mistakes and recognizing that imperfection is human. It changes the internal dialogue from an abusive drill sergeant to a supportive coach.

Key Insight Beating yourself up does not make you perform better; it just drains your energy.
Action Step Catch your inner critic in the act. When you think 'I'm such an idiot,' immediately correct it with, 'I made a mistake, but I'm learning.'

Breaking the Cycle and Healing Relationships

The final theme addresses the ripple effects of CEN. It explores how to stop passing neglect down to the next generation and how to manage relationships with the parents who caused the neglect. It moves the focus from the individual's internal healing to their external world.

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Addressing parental guilt

Parents who discover they have CEN often panic, realizing they may have done the same to their children. The author reassures readers that guilt is unproductive. The fact that you are reading the book means you are breaking the cycle. Awareness is the cure. You can repair the dynamic with your children by starting to validate their emotions now, regardless of their age.

Key Insight Guilt looks backward; responsibility looks forward. You cannot change the past, but you can change your parenting today.
Action Step If you realize you invalidated your child's feelings, go to them and apologize. Say, 'I didn't listen to your feelings earlier, and I'm sorry. Can you tell me again?'
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Applying learned emotional skills to parenting challenges

This involves actively using the skills of identifying and validating emotions with your children. Instead of focusing only on behavior ('Stop hitting'), focus on the feeling ('I see you are angry, but we cannot hit'). This teaches the child that their feelings are okay, even if the behavior isn't.

Key Insight Validate the feeling, then correct the behavior. This keeps the emotional connection intact.
Action Step When your child is upset, reflect their emotion back to them: 'You look really frustrated right now.' Wait for their response before trying to fix the problem.
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Communicating with an emotionally neglectful partner

If you are in a relationship with someone who also has CEN, the relationship can feel distant. Healing involves breaking the silence. It requires asking for what you need emotionally, which can be terrifying. It means teaching your partner how to love you by being explicit about your emotional needs.

Key Insight Your partner cannot read your mind. If you don't ask for emotional connection, you won't get it.
Action Step Use direct requests. Instead of sulking because they didn't notice you were sad, say: 'I had a hard day and I really just need a hug and for you to listen for five minutes.'
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Managing relationships with emotionally neglectful parents

Dealing with the parents who caused the CEN is complex. The author suggests lowering expectations. You cannot force them to change or suddenly become emotionally deep. You can, however, set boundaries and protect yourself from seeking the validation they are incapable of giving. In some cases, you can try to have a conversation about it, but often the solution lies in accepting their limitations.

Key Insight You cannot go to the hardware store for milk. Stop expecting emotional support from parents who do not have it to give.
Action Step Decide on a 'safe' level of interaction. If talking about feelings causes conflict, stick to safe topics (weather, news) and seek emotional support from friends instead.

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